The FAQ provides a comprehensive overview of human composting (recomposition), also known as natural organic reduction (NOR). It addresses essential questions for anyone considering or learning about this eco-friendly body disposition method. Topics covered include the legality of human composting in various states, the process involved, environmental benefits, cost range, religious considerations, options for soil use, and care instructions for the resulting soil. Each answer offers detailed information, presenting human composting as an environmentally conscious alternative to traditional burial and cremation that aligns with values of sustainability and natural return to the earth.
What is Human Composting or Recomposition?
Human composting, also know as recomposition, is an eco-friendly, natural method of transforming human remains into nutrient-rich soil, which can then be used to enrich the earth. This process, also called “natural organic reduction” (NOR), involves placing the deceased in a temperature-controlled vessel filled with organic materials like wood chips, straw, and alfalfa. These materials help create an environment conducive to microbial activity that naturally breaks down the body over several weeks. The body decomposes in a way similar to natural decay but at an accelerated rate due to controlled conditions. At the end of the process, the remains have been converted into soil, which families can use as they wish or donate to local conservation projects. Human composting provides a sustainable alternative to traditional burial or cremation and is ideal for those who value environmental conservation and a return to nature.
Is Human Composting Legal in Every State?
Human composting is currently legal only in a handful of U.S. states, specifically Washington, Oregon, Colorado, California, New York, and Vermont. (Legislation in Pennsylvania is pending.)
These states have passed legislation allowing licensed facilities to offer human composting as a legal form of body disposition. As interest in sustainable and eco-friendly burial options grows, more states are exploring legislation to allow it. Several organizations and advocates are working to raise awareness and promote human composting as a viable option, which may lead to further legalization in the coming years. Outside the U.S., the process is still largely unavailable, as many countries have yet to regulate or permit human composting. Canada, the UK, and Australia, among others, are observing the U.S. developments, and there is interest in these regions, though specific legislation has yet to be introduced.
Is Human Composting Legal in Canada?
No. In Canada, advocates for green burial options are working to increase awareness and support for human composting. Several provinces are monitoring the progress in the U.S., and discussions around legalizing human composting are beginning to emerge in regions across the country. However, specific legislation to legalize human composting has yet to be introduced at the federal or provincial levels. As interest in sustainable funeral practices grows, Canadian organizations and environmental groups continue to promote human composting as a viable and environmentally friendly option. With increased awareness and demand, Canada may consider legislation in the coming years, offering Canadians an alternative that aligns with their eco-conscious values. In the meantime, those interested in human composting can support local green burial initiatives and advocate for legislative changes to bring this practice to Canada.
Is Human Composting Legal in the UK and Australia?
In Australia and the UK, advocates for eco-friendly funerals are observing these U.S. advancements with keen interest. Both countries are exploring ways to expand sustainable burial options, though human composting legislation has not yet been formally proposed at the federal or national level. However, as public interest in green burial solutions grows, so does support for making human composting a reality in these regions. Environmental organizations and advocates in Australia and the UK continue to raise awareness about the benefits of human composting. This process uses natural methods to transform the body into nutrient-rich soil, aligning with the values of those committed to preserving the environment. By supporting local green burial initiatives and engaging in advocacy, individuals can help lay the groundwork for future legislative discussions. As sustainable funeral practices gain traction, human composting may soon become a viable option in Australia and the UK, offering a compassionate choice for those seeking to honor loved ones while caring for the planet.
See also: Human compositing in UK
How Does Human Composting Work?
Human composting begins with placing the deceased’s body in a specialized, temperature-controlled vessel filled with organic materials such as wood chips, straw, and alfalfa. This vessel creates the ideal conditions for decomposition, promoting microbial activity that naturally breaks down the body. The process relies on natural organisms, similar to those that would decompose a body if left to decay in the earth, but occurs in a contained environment designed to speed up the process. The body is typically left in the vessel for 4-6 weeks, during which microbial action breaks down the organic material, transforming the body into soil. This soil is then screened to remove any remaining metal, bone fragments, or medical devices. What remains is a nutrient-rich, safe-to-use compost-like soil that can be used for gardening, conservation projects, or memorial plantings, offering an alternative to traditional burial and cremation that aligns with environmental values.
Can Families Keep the Soil Produced by Human Composting?
Yes, families are usually given the option to keep some or all of the soil produced through human composting. This soil can be used in personal or memorial gardens, as a way to plant a tree in memory of the deceased, or even kept in a special place chosen by the family. Many families appreciate the tangible, meaningful connection to their loved one that this soil offers, allowing them to keep the memory alive in a visible, growing form. For those who do not wish to keep the soil, some facilities offer the option to donate it to local conservation or reforestation projects, helping to restore natural habitats. This can be particularly appealing to those who are environmentally conscious and prefer the idea of contributing positively to the planet. This donation can support local ecosystems, tree planting projects, or other conservation efforts, creating a lasting environmental impact.
Why is Human Composting Considered Eco-friendly?
Human composting is often viewed as one of the most environmentally friendly forms of body disposition. Unlike traditional burial, it does not involve embalming chemicals, metal caskets, or concrete vaults, which require significant resources to produce and remain in the ground indefinitely. Additionally, it avoids the high energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions associated with cremation. Because the entire process relies on natural microbial activity, human composting has a very low carbon footprint compared to other methods, making it ideal for those concerned with sustainability and environmental conservation. The resulting soil is nutrient-dense and can be used to enrich the earth, further contributing to ecological health. For those who wish to minimize their impact on the environment, human composting provides a way to return to the earth in a way that supports rather than disrupts natural ecosystems.
What is the Cost of Human Composting?
The cost of human composting generally ranges between $4,000 and $7,000, depending on the facility and location. This cost typically covers all aspects of the process, from transportation of the body to the facility to the recomposition process itself and the return of the soil to the family. Some providers may also include options for families to hold a memorial or viewing before the process begins, which may be part of an added package. Although human composting can be comparable in cost to traditional burial or cremation, it is often considered a worthwhile investment for those prioritizing an eco-friendly option. Some facilities may also offer payment plans or financial assistance to make the process more accessible. The exact price may vary depending on additional services or customization options chosen by the family, so it’s advisable to contact individual providers for detailed pricing.
How are Medical Devices and Metals Handled in Human composting?
Any non-organic materials, such as medical devices, implants, or metal objects, are removed from the soil after the human composting process. During recomposition, these items do not break down naturally, so they are carefully separated after the body has decomposed. Facilities typically have protocols in place to screen and sort the soil, removing metal and other materials that may be left behind. Once separated, these items are usually recycled or disposed of responsibly according to local regulations. Bone fragments may also be processed to ensure that the resulting soil has a fine, consistent texture. The goal is to produce a soil that is free of any non-organic materials, providing a safe and clean final product that families can confidently use in gardens or memorial plantings.
Does Human Composting Align with Religious Practices?
Acceptance of human composting varies among different religious traditions and communities. Some religions, like certain Protestant denominations, may view human composting as an acceptable return to nature and may be open to the concept, particularly with its alignment to environmental stewardship values. Other faiths, such as Orthodox Judaism and Islam, have traditional burial practices that may not align with human composting, as they have long-standing customs that emphasize burial in the earth. The Catholic Church has not made a formal stance on human composting, but some within the church are exploring its environmental implications. As the popularity of human composting grows, so does the interest among religious communities. Many individuals consider the process as a final expression of their commitment to ecological values, and religious acceptance is gradually evolving in some circles.
How Long Does Human Composting Take?
The entire process of human composting typically takes between 4 and 6 weeks, depending on the facility and specific environmental conditions. During this time, the body is held in a vessel where the controlled environment supports microbial decomposition. Once decomposition is complete, the soil is screened, processed, and prepared for return to the family. Some facilities may hold the soil a bit longer to ensure that all decomposition is complete and that the soil is safe for handling and use. The timeline is considerably shorter than natural decomposition in a grave, which can take years. The controlled environment speeds up the process while still allowing the body to return to the earth in a natural way.
Is There a Smell During the Human Composting Process?
Facilities that perform human composting are designed to control and contain any odors. The decomposition process occurs within a sealed vessel, and modern facilities use advanced air filtration and odor management systems to ensure that any natural odors are neutralized. The process is carefully managed to maintain a respectful and clean environment, both inside the facility and in surrounding areas. Because of these controls, there is typically no noticeable smell associated with human composting. Families and facility staff are rarely exposed to any odor, ensuring that the process remains dignified and respectful.
Can Human Composting be Done at Home?
Due to regulatory, safety, and environmental concerns, human composting currently requires specialized facilities. These licensed facilities provide the controlled conditions necessary to ensure safe, efficient decomposition and to comply with health and safety regulations. Home human composting is generally not allowed or practical because of these regulations and the need for specialized equipment. Licensed facilities have the expertise and protocols to manage the process safely, making it the most practical choice for those interested in human composting.
Who is Eligible for Human Composting?
Human composting is generally suitable for most people; however, some restrictions may apply. For example, bodies that have certain infectious diseases that require strict biosecurity, such as Ebola, may not be eligible. Facilities follow specific health guidelines to ensure the process is safe, and they will inform families of any restrictions before beginning the process. Most facilities also have protocols for handling bodies with medical devices or implants, which are removed and responsibly recycled.
How Much Soil is Produced Through Human Composting?
The recomposition process produces about 1-2 cubic yards of nutrient-rich soil, depending on the individual and the specific facility’s methods. This amount is roughly equivalent to several large bags of garden soil. Families may choose to take all or some of this soil, and any remaining can be donated to conservation projects, local parks, or other ecological efforts. The soil is highly nutritious, making it suitable for memorial plantings or garden spaces.
Can a Viewing or Funeral be Held Before Human Composting?
Many facilities offering human composting allow families to hold a viewing or funeral service before the recomposition process begins. Some providers also assist with digital memorials or celebration of life services to give families an opportunity to honor their loved one in a way that aligns with personal or cultural traditions. These services
are typically arranged before the body is placed in the recomposition vessel, allowing families time to say goodbye. Each provider offers different options, so families may wish to inquire about ceremony accommodations when considering human composting.
Is the Soil From Human Composting Safe to Use?
Yes, the soil from human composting is processed to ensure it is pathogen-free and safe for use in gardens or conservation projects. Facilities adhere to health protocols to neutralize pathogens and contaminants, creating a safe, nutrient-rich final product. The soil can be used for non-edible plants, memorial gardens, or other ecological projects, providing a natural way to memorialize the deceased while contributing to the health of the environment.
How does Human Composting Compare to other Forms of Body Disposition?
Human composting is often considered a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional burial or cremation. Unlike burial, it does not require embalming chemicals, metal caskets, or concrete vaults. It also avoids the energy usage and carbon emissions associated with cremation, making it an appealing option for those who prioritize sustainability. The final soil produced can be used for ecological purposes, giving it a positive environmental impact. In terms of cost, it is often comparable to traditional burial or cremation, though this can vary by provider.
Can Human Composting be Combined with Cremation?
Human composting and cremation are separate processes, and they are generally not combined. The primary goal of human composting is to avoid incineration for environmental reasons, focusing on a natural return to the earth. However, some facilities may accommodate specific family requests or provide modified options, though this is rare and depends on the facility’s policies.
Where Can I Learn More About Providers and Legislation for Human Composting?
To find more information on providers and legislation, you can visit websites of funeral industry associations, green burial organizations, or state health department sites. Many online resources track legislation and updates on human composting, and local providers can provide specific details about available options.
Are There Specific Care Instructions for the Soil from Human Composting?
No special care is required. The soil can be treated like any other compost and is often used in gardens or for memorial tree planting. Families may want to avoid using it for edible plants based on personal or cultural preferences.
