Aquamation: 50+ Questions Answered

Aquamation, or alkaline hydrolysis, is gaining recognition as a sustainable alternative to traditional cremation. Below are 50 comprehensive questions and answers about the process, focusing on its legality, practicality, and environmental impact in Canada and the United States.

In This Article:

What is Aquamation?

Aquamation, also known as alkaline hydrolysis or water cremation, is a body disposition method that uses water, heat, and an alkaline solution to break down a body into its basic elements. This process mimics natural decomposition but accelerates it to a matter of hours. The remaining bone fragments are processed into a fine powder, similar to cremation ashes. Aquamation is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional cremation as it produces no harmful emissions and uses significantly less energy.

How Does Aquamation Differ From Traditional Cremation?

Aquamation differs from traditional cremation in that it uses water and an alkaline solution rather than fire to break down the body. While cremation uses high temperatures to incinerate the body, aquamation works at lower temperatures, which saves energy. Aquamation produces no harmful emissions like carbon dioxide or mercury from dental fillings. The remains from aquamation are bone fragments, which are processed into a fine powder and returned to the family. Aquamation also produces a sterile liquid byproduct that is safely discharged, unlike cremation, which releases gases into the atmosphere.

Where is Aquamation Legal Around the World?

Aquamation is legal in several countries around the world, though its availability varies. It is legal in some states in the United States, some parts of Canada, Australia, and South Africa. In Europe, the process is under consideration in some countries, but widespread legalization has not yet occurred. In the United States, it is regulated at the state level, and in Canada, it is regulated by each province. The process is gaining popularity in regions with a focus on environmental sustainability, as it offers a greener alternative to traditional burial and cremation methods. Click here for more on aquamation legality around the world.

Is Aquamation Legal in Canada?

Yes, aquamation is legal in Canada, but the regulations vary by province. It is widely available in provinces like Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Some provinces have only recently introduced the option, while others are still in the process of evaluating the technology and its environmental impact. Funeral homes offering aquamation must follow strict guidelines for waste disposal, ensuring that the liquid byproduct is safely released back into the water system. As more Canadians become aware of the environmental benefits of aquamation, its availability is expected to increase.

Is Aquamation Legal in the U.S.?

Yes, aquamation is legal in the U.S., but its legality is determined on a state-by-state basis. As of now, over 20 states have legalized the practice, including California, Florida, and Minnesota. Some states are still in the process of drafting regulations, while others have yet to consider the option. States that have legalized aquamation require strict environmental standards for disposing of the sterile liquid byproduct. The increasing popularity of aquamation as an eco-friendly alternative to cremation and burial is likely to lead to further legalization across more states.

Who are the Most Famous People Who Chose Aquamation?

One of the most notable figures to choose aquamation was Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the South African human rights activist and Nobel laureate. His decision to opt for aquamation was in line with his lifelong commitment to environmental sustainability. As the process gains more public attention, it is likely that other high-profile individuals will also choose this eco-friendly method. The decision by such prominent figures helps to raise awareness about aquamation as a viable and ethical alternative to traditional methods of body disposition.

What Happens to the Body During Aquamation?

During aquamation, the body is placed in a chamber filled with a mixture of water and an alkaline solution. The chamber is heated, and over the course of several hours, the body’s tissues break down into their basic elements, leaving behind bone fragments and a sterile liquid. The bone fragments are then dried and processed into a fine powder, similar to cremation ashes. The liquid, which is composed of water, salts, and amino acids, is typically discharged into the water system under regulated conditions. This process mimics natural decomposition.

How Long Does the Aquamation Process Take?

The aquamation process typically takes 6-16 hours for a human, depending on the size of the body and the specific equipment used. This time frame is comparable to traditional cremation, though it can vary slightly based on factors such as the individual’s body mass. After the body has been fully decomposed in the alkaline solution, the bone fragments are processed into a fine powder and returned to the family. Read more.

Is Aquamation Environmentally Friendly?

Aquamation is widely considered one of the most environmentally friendly methods of body disposition. It uses about 90% less energy than traditional cremation, which requires high levels of heat. Aquamation also avoids releasing harmful pollutants, such as carbon dioxide and mercury, into the atmosphere. The process leaves behind a sterile liquid that is safe for the environment and is typically returned to the water system. Because aquamation closely mimics natural decomposition, it is seen as a green option for those concerned about their environmental impact at the end of life. Read more.

Can Aquamation Be Performed on Pets?

Yes, aquamation is available for pets and is becoming an increasingly popular option for pet owners who want a green alternative to cremation or burial. The process for pets is the same as for humans: the body is placed in a chamber with water and an alkaline solution, where it decomposes over several hours. After the process is complete, the pet’s remains are returned to the owner in the form of a fine powder. Pet aquamation services are available in many areas across the U.S. and Canada, and more veterinary services are offering it as an option. Learn more.

What Remains After Aquamation?

After aquamation, the remains include bone fragments, which are processed into a fine, white powder similar to cremation ashes. In addition to the bone remains, there is also a sterile liquid byproduct, which is typically discharged into the water system. The bone remains can be placed in an urn, scattered, or memorialized in keepsakes, just like traditional cremation ashes. However, because aquamation preserves more of the bone structure, the volume of remains is slightly higher than with flame cremation, so families may need to choose a larger urn.

Is Aquamation More Expensive Than Traditional Cremation?

The cost of aquamation is generally comparable to traditional cremation, though it can vary depending on location and the provider. In some areas, aquamation may be slightly more expensive due to the specialized equipment required for the process. However, as more funeral homes begin to offer aquamation, the cost is expected to become more competitive. On average, aquamation services in Canada and the U.S. range from $1,500 to $3,000, similar to the cost of traditional cremation. Additional expenses, such as urns or memorial services, can add to the overall cost. Learn more in our post: Funeral Cost By Arrangements Comparison.

What is the Sterile Liquid Produced by Aquamation?

The sterile liquid produced during aquamation is a byproduct of the body breaking down into its basic components. This liquid is non-toxic and consists of water, salts, and small organic molecules like amino acids. It is completely sterile and poses no threat to the environment. In most areas, the liquid is safely returned to the water system, where it undergoes standard wastewater treatment before being released back into nature. In some regions, there are discussions about repurposing the liquid for agricultural use, as it contains nutrients that can be beneficial for soil.

How Are the Remains Handled After Aquamation?

After aquamation, the bone remains are processed into a fine, white powder, similar to cremation ashes. Families can choose to place these remains in an urn, scatter them in a meaningful location, or create keepsakes such as memorial jewelry. The handling of aquamation remains is identical to the way cremation ashes are treated, offering families a wide range of options for memorializing their loved one. Some families choose to divide the remains among multiple urns or keepsakes, allowing each member of the family to keep a part of their loved one’s remains.

Can You Pre-Arrange Aquamation?

Yes, many funeral homes and end-of-life planning services offer the option to pre-arrange aquamation. Pre-arranging allows individuals to specify their preference for aquamation in advance, ensuring that their wishes are honored. It also allows families to lock in current pricing and reduce the burden on loved ones after the individual’s passing. In both Canada and the U.S., more people are opting to plan their end-of-life arrangements ahead of time, particularly as aquamation becomes a more widely accepted and environmentally friendly option for body disposition.

Learn more about preplanning a funeral

Are There Religious Considerations for Aquamation?

Religious views on aquamation vary. Some Christian denominations, particularly those focused on environmental stewardship, support the process as an eco-friendly alternative to cremation or burial. The Catholic Church, for example, allows cremation and is beginning to accept aquamation, provided the remains are handled with respect. However, religions like Islam and Judaism traditionally have specific burial customs that may not align with aquamation. It’s essential to consult with religious leaders to determine whether aquamation is an acceptable practice for individuals of specific faiths, as views may continue to evolve. See also: Religious Views on Aquamation

Is Aquamation Accepted by All Funeral Homes?

Not all funeral homes offer aquamation yet, as the process requires specialized equipment and facilities. However, its availability is growing as more funeral homes recognize the demand for eco-friendly alternatives to cremation and burial. In regions where aquamation is legal, you may find that some funeral homes offer the service directly, while others may partner with nearby facilities that have the necessary equipment. It’s important to inquire with your local funeral home to confirm whether they provide aquamation services and if they can accommodate your preferences. See also: The Growing Trend of Aquamation

How is Aquamation Regulated in Canada?

In Canada, aquamation is regulated at the provincial level, and each province sets its own guidelines for the process. Provinces like Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia have fully legalized aquamation, while others are still in the process of evaluating its environmental impact and health regulations. Funeral homes offering aquamation must adhere to strict standards for safely disposing of the sterile liquid byproduct and ensuring that the process meets all public health guidelines. Provinces with well-established regulations for aquamation ensure that the process is safe, respectful, and environmentally responsible. See also: Canadian regulators for funerals

How is Aquamation Regulated in the U.S.?

In the U.S., aquamation is regulated at the state level. As of now, over 20 states, including California, Florida, and Colorado, have legalized aquamation. Each state has its own regulatory framework for licensing funeral homes to offer aquamation and for disposing of the sterile liquid byproduct. States that permit aquamation require funeral homes to follow environmental standards to ensure that the process does not negatively impact local water systems or public health. Some states are in the process of legalizing aquamation, and advocates continue to push for its acceptance nationwide. See also: U.S. regulators for funerals

Does Aquamation Require a Casket?

No, a casket is not required for aquamation. Instead, the body is typically placed in a biodegradable shroud or a simple container, often made of cardboard, which breaks down during the process. This eliminates the need for expensive or non-biodegradable caskets, further reducing the environmental impact. Some families may choose a traditional casket for a viewing or memorial service before the aquamation takes place, but it is not necessary for the actual process. The simplicity of aquamation allows for more flexibility in how the body is prepared and presented.

Can You Witness an Aquamation?

Witnessing an aquamation is less common than witnessing traditional cremation, where families can sometimes observe the casket being placed into the crematory chamber. However, some facilities that offer aquamation may allow family members to be present at the start of the process. If this is something that’s important to you, it’s best to ask your funeral provider about their policies on witnessing. While the process is different from cremation, some families find comfort in knowing that they can participate in this final step of their loved one’s journey.

How Are the Bones Processed After Aquamation?

After aquamation, the bones are dried and then processed into a fine, white powder. This process is similar to the pulverization that occurs after traditional cremation, but because no organic material is lost to fire, the volume of remains is slightly higher. The bone fragments are placed into a machine that reduces them to a consistency that is easy to store in an urn or scatter in a chosen location. This final step ensures that the remains are returned to the family in a form that is similar to cremation ashes.

Does Aquamation Use Chemicals?

Yes, aquamation uses a water-based solution that contains alkaline chemicals, typically potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, to accelerate the decomposition process. These chemicals are not harmful to the environment and are neutralized by the end of the process. The alkaline solution mimics the natural decomposition that occurs in soil over time but speeds it up to a matter of hours. Once the process is complete, the remaining liquid is sterile and safe for disposal. The chemicals used in aquamation are carefully regulated to ensure that they pose no risk to the environment.

Is Aquamation Safe for the Environment?

Aquamation is considered one of the safest and most eco-friendly methods of body disposition available. The process uses significantly less energy than traditional cremation and produces no harmful emissions like carbon dioxide or mercury. The sterile liquid byproduct is non-toxic and is safely returned to the water system in compliance with local regulations. Unlike burial, which can introduce chemicals like embalming fluids into the soil, aquamation is a closed-loop system that minimizes the environmental impact. Many families choose aquamation specifically for its low ecological footprint. See also: Eco-Friendly Funerals: Comparison

Is the Sterile Liquid Used for Anything?

In some areas, the sterile liquid produced during aquamation can be repurposed for agricultural use, as it contains beneficial nutrients like nitrogen and potassium. However, this practice is not yet widespread and depends on local regulations. Most commonly, the liquid is safely discharged into the local water system, where it undergoes standard treatment before being released into the environment. Because the liquid is sterile and non-toxic, it poses no risk to public health or the environment. As aquamation becomes more popular, there may be more opportunities to explore beneficial uses for this byproduct.

Are the Remains from Aquamation Treated Differently Than Cremation Ashes?

No, the remains from aquamation are treated similarly to cremation ashes. Families can choose to place the remains in an urn, scatter them in a meaningful location, or memorialize them in keepsakes such as jewelry or glass art. The primary difference is that the volume of remains from aquamation is slightly larger than traditional cremation, so families may need to choose a larger urn or multiple keepsake containers. Many families find that the remains from aquamation are lighter in color and texture than cremation ashes, but they offer the same range of memorialization options.

How Much Ash is Left After Aquamation?

The volume of ash left after aquamation is slightly higher than that of traditional cremation because no organic material is lost to fire. On average, the remains from aquamation weigh about 20-30% more than cremation ashes. This is due to the gentler nature of the process, which preserves more of the bone structure. The remains are processed into a fine powder, similar to cremation ashes, but the larger volume may require a larger urn or multiple memorial containers. Families can choose how they wish to handle the remains based on their preferences.

Is Aquamation Available for Everyone?

In most cases, aquamation is available for everyone, but the availability may depend on local laws and funeral home offerings. Some areas, particularly in Canada and the U.S., may not yet have widespread access to aquamation due to the specialized equipment required. Additionally, certain religious or cultural groups may not yet accept aquamation as an option, so it’s important to consider any religious or personal preferences when choosing a method of body disposition. As the practice becomes more popular, it’s expected that access to aquamation will continue to expand. See also: Is Aquamation legal in the U.S.? AND: Legality in Canada

Can Aquamation Be Used for Those Who Died of Contagious Diseases?

Yes, aquamation is considered safe for individuals who have died of contagious diseases. The high-temperature, alkaline environment created during the process effectively neutralizes any pathogens present in the body. This makes aquamation a safe option for handling remains, even in cases where there may be concerns about infection or disease transmission. Aquamation facilities adhere to strict health and safety protocols to ensure that the process is conducted safely and hygienically, protecting both funeral workers and the general public from any potential health risks. See more: Is Aquamation Safe?

Is Aquamation a New Process?

While aquamation has gained popularity in recent years, the process itself is not new. Alkaline hydrolysis, the scientific term for aquamation, has been used for decades in the medical field to dispose of biological tissues. It was originally developed in the 1990s for the disposal of animal remains and has since been adapted for human use. Aquamation became an option for human body disposition in the early 2000s and has been steadily gaining acceptance as a more eco-friendly alternative to cremation and burial.

See: History of aquamation

Why Do Some People Choose Aquamation?

People choose aquamation for a variety of reasons, with environmental concerns being one of the most common. Aquamation uses less energy than cremation and produces no harmful emissions, making it an attractive option for those who want to minimize their carbon footprint. Others appreciate the gentler nature of the process compared to flame cremation. Additionally, aquamation is seen as a more natural form of body disposition, as it closely mimics the decomposition that occurs in nature. For many, aquamation aligns with their values of sustainability and eco-conscious living.

Can Aquamation Be Combined With Other Memorial Services?

Yes, families can combine aquamation with traditional memorial services, such as funerals, wakes, or celebrations of life. Many families choose to hold a viewing or service before the aquamation takes place, just as they would with burial or cremation. After aquamation, the remains can be returned to the family in an urn, allowing for scattering ceremonies or other forms of remembrance. Aquamation offers flexibility in how and when families can hold their services, making it a suitable option for those who want to combine modern practices with traditional memorialization.

What is the History of Aquamation?

Aquamation, or alkaline hydrolysis, was first developed in the 1990s for the disposal of animal remains in veterinary and agricultural settings. The process was later adapted for medical use, where it was used to safely dispose of tissues and other biological materials. In the early 2000s, aquamation became available for human body disposition, first in the United States and then in other countries like Canada and Australia. Since its introduction, aquamation has steadily gained acceptance as a green alternative to cremation and burial, particularly in regions with strong environmental awareness.

Are There Limitations on Who Can Be Aquamated?

There are no specific limitations on who can be aquamated, but availability may depend on local regulations and the capabilities of nearby funeral homes. Most people are eligible for aquamation, including those who have died of contagious diseases, as the process neutralizes pathogens. However, certain religious or cultural practices may restrict the use of aquamation. It’s important to consult with funeral providers and religious leaders to determine whether aquamation is a suitable option based on individual circumstances, particularly if the deceased had specific end-of-life wishes or religious beliefs.

How Do Funeral Homes Prepare for Aquamation?

Funeral homes that offer aquamation must invest in specialized equipment, including an aquamation chamber, and must be licensed to perform the procedure. The chamber is designed to hold the body and the alkaline solution during the decomposition process. Funeral homes must also have systems in place to handle the sterile liquid byproduct, which is typically discharged into the local water system. In regions where aquamation is still relatively new, funeral homes may partner with facilities that have the necessary equipment until they are able to offer the service directly.

What do Aquamation Ashes Look Like?

Aquamation ashes are distinct in their appearance. Unlike traditional cremation ashes, which tend to be a mix of gray and coarse fragments, aquamation ashes are much finer and have a white or light beige hue.

See this post: What do aquamation ashes look like

Can Ashes from Aquamation Be Scattered?

Yes, the remains from aquamation can be scattered just like cremation ashes. Families may choose to scatter the remains in a location that was meaningful to the deceased, such as a favorite park, body of water, or memorial garden. Some people prefer to scatter a portion of the remains and keep the rest in an urn or memorial keepsake. As with cremation ashes, there are regulations in certain areas regarding where and how remains can be scattered, so it’s important to check local laws before planning a scattering ceremony.

How is the Sterile Liquid Disposed Of?

In most cases, the sterile liquid produced during aquamation is safely discharged into the local water system, where it undergoes further treatment before being released into the environment. The liquid is non-toxic and contains only water, salts, and small organic molecules, posing no threat to public health or the ecosystem. Some regions are exploring the possibility of repurposing the liquid for agricultural use, as it contains nutrients that are beneficial for soil health. The disposal process is carefully regulated to ensure that it complies with environmental and public health standards.

How Much Energy Does Aquamation Use Compared to Cremation?

Aquamation uses approximately 90% less energy than traditional cremation, making it a much more environmentally friendly option. Cremation requires extremely high temperatures, which consume large amounts of energy and produce carbon emissions. In contrast, aquamation operates at lower temperatures and uses water and an alkaline solution to break down the body, which reduces its overall energy consumption. This significant energy savings is one of the main reasons why environmentally conscious individuals are choosing aquamation as a greener alternative to both cremation and burial.

Is There a Waiting Period for Aquamation?

The waiting period for aquamation is generally similar to that of cremation, as it depends on local regulations regarding death certification and permits. In most cases, the body cannot be aquamated until the death certificate is issued and all legal documentation is in order. This process can take anywhere from a few days to a week, depending on the jurisdiction. Once all necessary paperwork is completed, the aquamation can proceed. Some funeral homes may also have scheduling requirements based on the availability of their aquamation equipment and staff.

Can Aquamation Be Done for Cultural or Religious Reasons?

Aquamation is becoming more accepted by various cultural and religious groups as an alternative to traditional burial or cremation. Some Christian denominations, particularly those that emphasize environmental stewardship, support aquamation for its eco-friendly benefits. However, certain religions, such as Islam and Judaism, have more traditional practices that may not align with aquamation. It’s important to consult with cultural or religious leaders to determine whether aquamation is an appropriate choice. As more people learn about the process, it may gain broader acceptance in diverse communities.

Learn more: Which religions allow aquamation?

Is Aquamation Suitable for Large Bodies?

Aquamation chambers are typically designed to accommodate bodies of various sizes, but there may be limitations depending on the equipment used by the funeral home. Most aquamation systems can handle bodies of average size without issue, but extremely large or obese individuals may require special considerations. It’s best to check with the funeral provider in advance to ensure that they can accommodate the individual’s body size. In general, aquamation is considered a flexible option for people of all body types, though some facilities may have specific weight or size restrictions.

Can Aquamation Be Used After Organ Donation?

Yes, aquamation is compatible with organ and tissue donation. In fact, many families who choose organ donation also opt for aquamation because it aligns with their values of giving back to the environment. After organs or tissues are donated, the remaining body can undergo the aquamation process, just as it would with traditional cremation or burial. The process does not interfere with the recovery of tissues for donation, and the remains can be returned to the family in the same way as with a non-donor body.

What are the Alternatives to Aquamation?

The primary alternatives to aquamation are traditional burial, flame-based cremation, and natural (or green) burial. Traditional burial involves embalming the body and placing it in a casket and grave, while cremation uses fire to reduce the body to ashes. Natural burial avoids embalming and focuses on returning the body to the earth in a biodegradable shroud or casket. Each method has its own environmental and cultural considerations. Aquamation is gaining popularity as a greener alternative to these methods, particularly for those who prioritize environmental sustainability in their end-of-life choices.

How Popular is Aquamation?

Aquamation is growing in popularity in both Canada and the U.S. as more people become aware of its environmental benefits and availability. While it is not yet as widely used as traditional cremation or burial, its acceptance is increasing, particularly in states and provinces where it has been legalized. Funeral homes are beginning to invest in the necessary equipment, and demand is rising among environmentally conscious individuals. As public awareness of aquamation continues to grow, it is expected to become a more mainstream option for body disposition.

Is Aquamation Accepted by Veterans’ Organizations?

Yes, aquamation is accepted by many veterans’ organizations, depending on the state or province. In the U.S., the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) recognizes cremation as an option for veterans, and in states where aquamation is legal, it is considered an acceptable alternative. Veterans who choose aquamation can still receive military honors and other benefits associated with their service. In Canada, veterans’ organizations are also becoming more open to aquamation as an environmentally friendly option. It’s recommended to check with the specific veterans’ organization to confirm their policies.

Can You Place Aquamation Ashes in a Columbarium?

Yes, aquamation ashes can be placed in a columbarium, just like traditional cremation ashes. Columbariums are structures with niches designed to hold urns, and they are commonly found in cemeteries, churches, and memorial parks. The remains from aquamation are processed into a fine powder, similar to cremation ashes, and can be stored in an urn that fits within the columbarium’s niche. Families who choose aquamation can still follow the same traditions for memorializing their loved ones, whether that involves placing the urn in a columbarium or another resting place.

Learn more: What is a niche and what is a columbarium?

Is Aquamation More Sustainable Than Burial?

Yes, aquamation is considered more sustainable than traditional burial. Burial often involves the use of embalming fluids, non-biodegradable caskets, and concrete burial vaults, all of which have a negative impact on the environment. Additionally, burial takes up land space, and cemeteries require ongoing maintenance. Aquamation, on the other hand, uses fewer resources, produces no harmful emissions, and returns the body to its basic elements in a way that mimics natural decomposition. The process leaves behind only bone fragments and a sterile liquid, making it a far more eco-friendly option than burial.

How Long Has Aquamation Been Legal in Canada?

Aquamation has been legal in various provinces of Canada since the early 2010s. Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia were among the first provinces to legalize the process, with other provinces gradually following suit. The technology and regulatory framework for aquamation have continued to evolve, and its availability is growing as more funeral homes invest in the necessary equipment. Public awareness of aquamation is also increasing, particularly among environmentally conscious Canadians who are looking for greener alternatives to traditional burial and cremation.

How Long Has Aquamation Been Legal in the U.S.?

In the U.S., aquamation has been legal in certain states since the early 2000s, with Minnesota being one of the first states to adopt the practice. Since then, over 20 states have legalized aquamation, with more states expected to follow as public interest grows. The legalization process varies by state, as each jurisdiction is responsible for regulating body disposition methods. Advocacy efforts from environmental groups and the funeral industry have helped to raise awareness about the benefits of aquamation, leading to its gradual acceptance as a mainstream option in the U.S.

Do All Religions Accept Aquamation?

Religions vary in their acceptance of aquamation. Some Christian denominations, like Protestants, increasingly accept it for its eco-friendliness, while Catholic and Orthodox churches are more cautious. Buddhists and Jains appreciate its environmental benefits, while Hindus and Sikhs are exploring it, particularly in the West. Islam and Orthodox Judaism prohibit aquamation, maintaining traditional burial practices.